非限制定语从句中,先行词可以为,什么?可以用那些关系词来引导,怎么看在句中是什么成分,来进行填空

非限制定语从句中,先行词可以为,什么?可以用那些关系词来引导,怎么看在句中是什么成分,来进行填空
非限制定语从句中,先行词可以为,什么?可以用那些关系词来引导,怎么看在句中是什么成分,来进行填空

非限制定语从句中,先行词可以为,什么?可以用那些关系词来引导,怎么看在句中是什么成分,来进行填空
非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 ,that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句
例如:
She asked for his help which he gladly gave. 她要求他帮忙,他愉快地帮助了她.
It was a century during which the country suffered continuously from wars. 一个世纪过去了,在这期间这个国家不断遭受战乱之苦.
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处.
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反.
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了.
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中,用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物.
5.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的.
例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师.
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园.
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍.
6.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,
例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦.
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发.
非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容,或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明.主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号分开,常常单独翻译.没有它,主句意思仍然完整.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as,which,who, whom,whose等,作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语.关系副词有when,where等,作定语从句的状语.关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省.
一、as引导非限制性定语从句时,可以代主句的全部或部分内容.常表说话人关于说话的依据、态度、评论、看法等.有“正如、像”等意思.定语从句可以置主句句首、句中或句末.as后常接expect,know,report,say,see等动词的主、被动语态句.
1． ____is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month．
A．It B．As C．That D．What
2．Mike,as we expected,attended the meeting．像我们所期望的那样,迈克参加了会议.
3．He wasn't unconsicious,as could be judged from his eyes．他并未失去知觉,这从他的眼神可以判断出来.
二、which引导非限制性定语从句的情况很多.
I．指代主句的全部或部分内容时,常表事实、状态、起因等,有“这就使得、这一点”等意思,常置主句末.主句与定语从句用逗号分开.
1．Dorathy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,of course,madethe others unhappy．
A．who B．which C．this D．what
II．指代先行词有多种情况.定语从句置先行词后面.
1．在“n．／pron．／num．．．．＋prep．＋ which”,“prep．＋which”定语从句里. 1）They talked about a movie,the name of which I've never forgotten．他们谈论过一部电影,我决不会忘记片名.
2）In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals,16．5 of which were won by women．在悉尼奥运会,中国队夺得了28枚金牌,其中16．5枚是女子夺得的.
3）China has thousands of islands,the largest of which is Taiwan．中国有数千个岛屿,其中最大的是台湾岛.
4）Chaplin went to the states in 1910,by which time he had learnt to dance and act in comedies．卓别林1910年去了美国,那时他已学会跳舞和演喜剧了.
2．表唯一性,或者就是指代先行词的事物时.
The dam,which is the biggest in the world,is 3,830 metres long．大坝长3,830米,是世界上最大的坝.
3．先行词是独一无二的事物时.
The moon,which doesn't give out light itself,is only a satellite of the earth．月球本身不发光,它只是地球的一个卫星.
4．先行词表示类属的事物时.
Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world．足球是一项非常有趣的运动,全世界都踢足球.
5．先行词是专有名词时.
1）Three of the biggest man-made projects in the world are the Great Wall of China,the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam, which is also in Egypt．世界上最大的三项人造工程是中国的长城,埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高坝,它也在埃及.
2）The Nile,which used to flood every year,now runs more regularly below the dam．尼罗河年年涨洪水,现在比较正常地在大坝下面流过了.
6．先行词是表人的职业、品质、身份等名词,作定语从句的表语时.主句和定语从句之间含有对比的意思.
Mike's brother is a policeman,which he isn't．迈克的哥哥是警察,他可不是.
7．先行词是形容词作定语从句的表语时.主句和定语从句含有对比的意思.
Li Ling is very clever,which Li Long isn't．李玲很聪明,李珑可不是.
8．先行词是集体名词表整体意思时.
My family,which has 35 people,is a large one．我家有35口人,是一个大家庭.
9．先行词是国家名词表地域概念时.
Last year he went to Egypt,which is in Africa．他去年去了埃及,埃及在非洲.
三、as,which是指代主句内容的非限制性定语从句时,表依据、评论与表事实、状态等没有多大差别,又在主句末时,有时可以通用.
1．He is quite pleased,as ／which can be seen from his face．他非常高兴,从他的表情可以看出来.
2．You always work hard,as ／which everyone knows．大家都知道,你一向勤奋学习.
但是,上面两句把定语从句置主句句首时,就只能用as.
3．This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see．像任何人都能看见那样,这头象像条蛇.
4．Bamboo is hollow,which makes it very light．竹子是空的,这就使得它很轻. 在否定意义的非限制性定语从句里,一般用which引导.
5．He came to my birthday party,which I didn't expect at all．我完全没有想到,他来参加我的生日聚会了.
四、who,whom,whose等引导非限制性定语从句时,指代人的普通名词、专有名词等.表示正是或专指先行词等情况.在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等.
1．Bob's father,who worked on the project,spent four years in Egypt．鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程,在埃及度过了四年.
2．Dad,this is Zheng Jie,who I knew in Paris．爸,这是郑杰,我在巴黎认识的. 这一句是用主格who代替宾格 whom.
3．His mother,whom he loved dearly, died in 1818．他非常爱戴他的母亲,她死于 1818年.
4．Mr King,whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital．金先生的腿受了重伤,他很快就被送去住院了.
n．／pron．／num．．．．prep．whom；prep． whom；in whose ＋n．；the ＋n．of whom等引导非限制性的定语从句.
5．He spoke of a pen-friend,the name of whom ／whose name I've never forgotten．他提到过一个笔友,他的名字我从未忘记.
6．About 2,000people,many of whom were Europeans,worked on the project．大约两千人从事过这项工程,其中很多是欧洲人.
7．In his office there are nine clerks,the youngest of whom is Mr Liu．他办公室有9个职员,其中最年轻的是刘先生.
8．I decided to write about Chaplin,one of whose films I had seen several years before．我决定写有关卓别林的文章,他的一部电影我几年前就看过了.
9．We went to hear this famous singer, about whom we had heard many stories．我们去听这个著名的歌唱家演唱.我们已经听说了有关他的很多故事. 品黄黑MYK
10．Mr Pattis,in whose office Ms King was working,was very surprised when he found out her secret．金女士在帕蒂思办公室工作.他发现她的秘密时感到非常惊奇.
五、when,where引导非限制性定语从句时,作定语从句的状语.when ＝and then, where ＝and there.why不引导非限制性定语从句.
1．He was quickly taken to hospital,where a doctor wanted to examine Mr King's legs．金先生很快被送去住院,在那里一个医生要检查他的腿.
2．We will put off the outing until next week,when we won't be so busy．我们把郊游推迟到下个星期,那时我们不会那么忙了.
3．He went to America in 1912,where and when he was noticed by an important film director．他在1912年去了美国,当时他在那里引起了一个重要电影导演的注意.
在prep．where ／when非限制性定语从句里,where ＝there,when ＝then.
4．His head soon appeared out of the second storey windows,from where he could see nothing but trees．他的头很快从第二层楼的一个窗户伸出来了,从那里他只能看见树木.
5．That was in 1929,since when things have been better．那是在1929年,从那时起情况就已经好转了.
6．I went to bed at ten,before when I was reading for an hour．我10点去睡觉,在那时以前我看了1小时的书.
有时候where ／when可以用prep．which替换.
7．The southern states wanted to set up a country of their own,where they would be free to keep black slaves．南方各州要建立一个属于他们自己的国家,在那里他们将自由地保留黑人奴隶.
8．I still remembered January 10,on which ／when he came to see me．我仍然记得1月10日,那一天他来看我了.
练习题：用所给的词语填空.少数可以用多次.
A．as B．which C．who D．whom E．whose F．when G．where H．by which time I．from which J．from whom K．north of which L．some of whom M ．the biggest of which
1．Dick is going to join in the football game,____was agreed at the meeting．
2．My brother had been an engineer,____ was what he wanted to be．
3．He reached Beijing in 1998,____, some time later,he became a professor．
4． ____is said above,the number of the students in our school has increased．
5．Write a letter to a friend,____has some difficulties with his studies．
6．There are four rooms in the house,____ is a drawing room．
7．We will move into the new house next week,____it will be completed．
8．When lost in work,he often was,____he would forget all about eating and sleeping．
9．He is a model worker,____we can learn a lot．
10．They had to delay the sports meet till next week,____the weather will be fine．
11．The workers,____stayed there for two years,came from Africa．
12．The building over there is a hospital,____ is a small river．
13．We shall have to make a decision about Ms King,____story I've just told you．
14．Mr Liu,____I spoke of just now, would go to Australia．
15．The Nile,____electricity is produced,now runs regularly below the dam．
Keys：1．A／B2．B3．G4．A（As）5．C6．M 7．H 8．A 9．J10．F 11．L 12．K 13．E 14．C ／D 15．I
在英语中,为了避免重复,句子中的某些部分经常省略,却给理解增加了困难.在近几年的高考试题中,省略现象也十分常见,其基本要点总结如下：
一、并列句中某些相同成分的省略.
This beeper works well, but that one doesn't (work well).
这个寻呼机工作正常, 但那个就不行.
I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.
我读大学,我妹妹读高中.
二、在when, while, if, as if, though, until, once, whether, unless等连接的状语从句中, 常省略跟主句相同的主语和be动词.
When (I am) in trouble I always turn to her for help.
当我有困难时总是找她帮助.
The letter is to be left here until (it is) called for. 这封信留在这里待领.
三、有形式主语it的主语从句可省略that.
It is an honor (that) I was invited to your birthday party.
我很荣幸被邀请参加你的生日聚会.
It is the third time (that)I have come to China.这是我第三次来中国.
四、在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词whom, which, that.
That is the naughty boy (whom/that) we talked about last week.
他就是我们上周议论的那个淘气男孩.
Is this the radio (that/which) you bought last Saturday?
这是你上周六买的收音机吗?
五、在direction(方向), way(方式), distance(距离), time(时间), times(倍数)等后面所接的定语从句中常省略that, which, in which.
The direction (in which) we move a body can be changed.
我们移动物体的方向是可以改变的.
The distance (which或that)light travels in one second is 300, 000 kilometers.
光每秒走的距离是30万公里.
六、命令句、惊叹句、部分第一人称的陈述句、部分问句和答句中省略最为常见.
Open the door! 开门!
Why not? 为什么不?
Why so? 为什么这样?
Anybody wishing to go? 谁愿意去啊?
七、用so, not或其它手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子.
— Can Emily do this work?埃米莉能做这项工作吗?
— I think so.我想她行.
— Did you know anything about it?这件事你以前知道吗?
— Not until you told me.你告诉了我, 我才知道.
八、在特定的上下文里, 为了避免重复, 作谓语、宾语或宾语补足语的不定式再次出现时, to后的内容常承前省略, 只保留不定式符号 “to”.
I don't go swimming now but I used to.
我现在不去游泳但我过去常去(游泳).
You can't work alone in the lab unless you are allowed to.
除非得到允许, 你不能单独在实验室工作.
注意：不定式to之后的动词是be或助动词have时, 要保留to后的be 或have.如：
China is no longer what it used to be. 中国已今非昔比.
— Have you told Allen about the concert? 你告诉艾伦音乐会的情况了吗?
— Sorry, but I ought to have. 对不起, 我本应该(告诉她的).
九、新闻标题要求简练醒目, 需根据上下文的语境推敲其省略部分.
Boy 14, rescued from cliff face. (A boy of 14 has been rescued from cliff face.)
从峭壁上救下14岁的男孩.
American President to fly to London. (American President is to fly to London.)
美国总统将飞往伦敦.
十、注意在一些固定短语中某些介词的省略.
They are (of) the same age. 他们年龄相同.
There is no use (in) explaining it to her any more.
再向她解释这件事是无用的.
单元交际功能
表示焦虑和担心
How terrible!
太可怕了!
It makes me feel worried.
这让我感到很着急.
It makes my hair stand on end.
这令我毛骨悚然.
It makes me feel uneasy when I see her.
看到她使我感到不自在.
It's a frightening thing to kill so many miners in the accident.
那么多矿工在事故中遇难身亡,真是太可怕了.
I'm really frightened to death to see the snake.
看到蛇我吓得半死.
He got into a total panic when he saw the drowning child.
看到孩子溺水他慌作一团.
I dare not go out alone at night.
晚上我不敢一个人外出.
What's really scary is that the hurricane has caused so many losses.
真正令人恐惧的是飓风造成这么大的损失

定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought...

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定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
一、定语从句的引导词有关系代词who， whom，whose，which，that， as；关系副词when， where，why。定语从句中引导词的选用主要看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分或者是定语从句中缺什么成分。
1．定语从句中缺主语，修饰人时用who ／that，修饰物时用which ／that引导。如：
Is this the factory which ／that makes TV sets？
The man who ／that visited our school is from Australia．
2．从句中缺宾语，修饰人时用 who ／whom ／that或省略引导词；修饰物时which ／that或省略引导词。如：
Gone are the days which ／that we spent together in the village．
He is the man who ／whom ／that I think to be worthy of our praise．
3．从句中缺时间状语，用when或介词＋which引导。如：
The day finally came when ／on which I was given a job．
We'll put off the outing until next week，when we won't be so busy．
4．从句中缺地点状语，用where或介词＋which引导。如：
Please put the letter on the desk where ／on which he can easily find it．
5．从句中缺原因状语或先行词是 reason时，引导词用why ／for which ／ that。如：
This is the reason why ／for which ／ that he didn't come to the meeting．
6．从句中缺定语，人和物都用 whose引导。如：
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan．
Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is black．
7．当先行词是way时，其定语从句的引导词用in which ／that。如：
The way in which ／that he looks at problems is wrong．
二、引导词as可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。
1．在固定词组the same．．．as，such．．．as中，as引导限制性定语从句。如：
He is not such a fool as he looks．
I've bought the same dress as she is wearing．
2．当先行词是整个主句时，可用 as ／which引导非限制性定语从句。引导词as和which的区别在于：
①as引导的非限制性定语从句可放于主句前、主句中、主句后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放于主句后或句中。
②as常与从句中的know，see， hear，expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens，as is often the case（常有的事）等句子中；而which一般不用于以上情况。
③as有“正如”的含义，which没有此含义。如：
As is well known，Shanghai is a big city．
Some of the roads were flooded， which made our journey more difficult．
三、关系代词who，whom，whose， which和as能引导非限制性定语从句，而that不能；非限制性定语从句中即使缺宾语，引导词也不能省略；关系副词when，where能引导非限制性定语从句，而why不能。如：
Abraham Lincoln，who led the United States through the Civil War years，was shot on April 14，1865．
四、先行词是物时，其引导词可用 which也可用that，通常情况下二者可互换，但在有些情况下不能。
1．用which不用that引导定语从句的三种情况：
①非限制性定语从句用which，不用that引导。如：
Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world．
②先行词为that时，为了避免重复，定语从句用which不用that引导。如：
That which you borrowed from me wasn't a real diamond necklace．
③介词后用which不用that引导。如：
The method with which you solved the problem is very good．
2．用that不用which的七种情况：
①先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，用 that不用which引导。如：
This is the best place that I have ever visited．
The second question that is asked is why we don't fall off the earth．
②先行词为little，much，all，none，few，（the）one， something，everything，nothing，anything等不定代词时，用that引导。如：
There is nothing in the world that can frighten him．
③先行词既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时，用 that引导。如：
He told us about the people and the cities that he had visited．
④先行词前有any，all，no，few，every，some，little， much，（the）very，（the）only，（the）last等词修饰时，用 that引导。如：
This is the very coat that I need．
Is oxygen the only gas that helps fire burn？
⑤先行词为which时，为了避免重复，用that引导。如：
Which is the book that you bought yesterday？
⑥先行词在从句中作表语时，常用that引导。如：
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be in the 1930's．
⑦当主句是There be．．．句型时，用that引导。
There are two tickets for the film that are for you two．
五、在“one of＋复数名词＋定语从句”结构中，从句的谓语动词应与复数名词保持一致；当one前有the only修饰时，从句的谓语动词应与the only one保持一致。如：
He was one of the students who were late for class．
He was the only one of the students who was late for class．
六、引导词前有介词或短语介词时，修饰人只能用 whom，修饰物只能用which引导。如：
My glasses，without which I was like a blind man， fell to the ground and broke．
The man，by whom the wolf was shot，is called Jackson．

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which,when who whom where as
这个问题只可意会，不可言传